Domestic problem over foreign investment - 1375 Words

Domestic problem over foreign investment (Term Paper Sample) Content: Domestic Problem over Foreign InvestmentName:Course:Professor:Institution:City and State:Date:IntroductionIn the modern world economy, the importance of foreign direct investment has risen. As a result of the gush in foreign direct investments accompanied by rising economies, which have seen the formation of multinational corporations in major economies, debates on whether the countries receiving it should devote their local resources to Multi-National Corporations and use foreign domestic investment as a strategy for their development has risen. A major controversial concern about the effects of foreign direct investment to the hosting countries is whether inflows in the foreign domestic investments crowd in or crowd out domestic investment (Davis et al. 92). After opening up foreign direct investment inflows to domestic investments, the impacts that result depend on the domestic environment and the previous trade system of the host nation. Foreign domestic investmen t could outdo native investors who have no the strength to compete efficiently with multinational corporations.Often, the multinational corporations have more advanced technological facilities and powers to crowd out local investors who greatly rely on government trade regulations for the protection from foreign investors. On the other hand, foreign direct investments could crowd in local investment through generation of spillovers. This can be achieved where application of new technologies takes course to aid creation of more production links (Desia et al. 1012). This paper seeks to evaluate the effects of foreign domestic investments on domestic investment within the United States context. This is achieved through an analysis of the impacts of inflow and outflow of foreign domestic investments on the local investments within the United States of America.Definition of Foreign Direct InvestmentsForeign Direct Investment defines the investments taking place between nations in which t he investing country gains interest in the enterprise of the host country. This could be achieved through acquisition or construction of production units in a foreign country or improvements to the facility in terms of plants, equipment and other properties (Blaine 397). When determining the value of direct foreign investment, all types of capital expenditures, including purchased stocks, and the earnings reinvested by a company wholly belonging to foreigners should be included. The funds loaned out by a foreign company and other subsidiaries if any should also be included in the calculation of foreign direct investment worth. From a report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), it is clear that the current expansion of foreign direct investments globally has been driven by thousands of multinational corporations operating different affiliates in different nations. To determine the value of foreign direct investment, the flow is calculated which involves determining the total worth of investments made in a year. Else, the use of stocks will be used in which the wholesome amount of investments made in a year is determined. The diagram below shows an example scenario in which two countries associate to facilitate foreign direct investments.170497520955Figure 1: Illustration of the activities taking place between two investors (Adopted from: /what-are-the-different-kinds-of-foreign-investment/)BackgroundForeign Direct Investment (FDI) can be viewed as an element of integration within the global economic context that has its course in the 19th century. The foreign direct investment flows have been in the rise for the last few decades except for the decline that first appeared in 2008 due to the global economic crisis. The rise in FDI took back its course later to recording values of up to 1.5 trillion dollars (UNTCAD 201). The gush of global foreign direct investment flows in the 1990s marked a major transformation in which investors looking for more profitable opportunities and countries pursuing technological advancements and investments were involved (Markusen 3).FDI inflows can impact either positively or negatively to a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s growth, the structures of employments, balances in the payments, the productivity of international trade and the local investments. However, there has been an expansion in the use of local incentives to attract foreign direct investments in terms of value and frequency despite the potential risks associated with its implementation (UNCTAD 203). This has been motivated by the desire for countries to effectively utilize their local resources and to ensure that idle resources are put into use in an effort to; improve the competitive structure of their local economies, create employment, utilize the technology effectively and also the expansion of global markets.Debates as to whether foreign direct investments crowds local investments in or out have been on the rise. Often, F DI is expected to crowd in local economies since inbound foreign direct investment could result to more local investments in places where it could have been otherwise (Markusen 37). The fact that FDIs creates avenues for introduction of new products into local markets makes its implementation a worthy course. It is thus associated to the formation of capital goods in the country hosting it through introduction of new products and technologies.Effects of foreign direct investmentsMultinational corporations are an important component in any economy where growth is a taking course and mechanisms to escalate the growth are vital. It is, therefore, a common element beneficial to developing countries where the supply of labor and the demand for goods and services are high, but the necessary capital required for sustaining production is limited. Therefore, it would be right to say that foreign investments act to provide the necessary capital that aids in sparking the development of a produ ctive nation.In the United States, capital inflows resulting from FDIs has been of much benefit to the economy as it led to increased capital investments. This enabled the government to provide investors with incentives at lower interest rates to promote investments and creation of employment opportunities. The United States have for years been the greatest recipient of foreign investment putting it in a great position to developing constantly. Developing nations are highly encouraged to foster their international relations to attract foreign investments as this will be a way of accelerating development.Figure 2: Illustrating the effects of capital inflows to an enterprise. (Adopted from: /what-are-the-different-kinds-of-foreign-investment/)Foreign investments are an incentive in creation of employment to locals as the investing companies will hire labor, both skilled and unskilled nation (Friedman and Wladimir 58). Relocation of a factory from one country to another is seen as a t hreat to the nation as the employees of such a firm will be left jobless. It is, therefore, the mandate of governments to improve the work environment in their nations in a manner that attracts foreign investors.Other advantages associated to the foreign investments includes improved transfer of technologies, exchange of production techniques, productivity spillovers and improved processes of production all which spur economic growth.Conversely, foreign direct investments can lead to financial volatility, a factor prominent in escalation of inflation and thereby affecting the economic stability of nation (Friedman and Wladimir 58).Another effect with foreign direct investments is the "contagion" effect. This defines a phenomenon in which investors chooses...

The Effect Of Parenting Styles And College Students...

During early childhood development a key factor that influences our aspects of behavior is the type of parenting styles our parents used. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of parenting styles and college students academic achievement. Also to find out if parenting style would a valid predictor of children’s success. Thus, three types of parenting styles were measured those being authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. These parenting styles were identified by using four dimension of parenting as identified by the college students, disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication styles, and expectation of maturity and control. Academic success was measure using grade point average (GPA) of the college students. Analysis revealed that only authoritative parenting style had a correlation with students and high GPA. (Huey, Sayler, and Rinn, 2013) Psychologists have always debated the role of parenting styles and their influence on the development of children. Parenting styles can be defined as the psychological construct representing the basic strategies that parent use in raising their child (Matsumoto, Juang 2013 p.69). Parenting styles encompass two major aspects of parting those being parental responsiveness and paternal demanding. Paternal responsiveness is essentially the extent at which a parent fosters individuality, self-regulation, and self-assertion. While paternal demanding is the measure of which the parent makes the childShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles And Their Effects On Children1572 Words   |  7 PagesParenting Styles and Their Effects on Children Parents play a key role in their children’s lives, including supervision, involvement, love, support, comfort, and a wide variety of discipline and punishment. The relationship between parenting styles and child is vital and impacts the child’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Parenting involves two dimensions, demandingness and responsiveness sometimes referred to as control and warmth. With the use of these dimensions four parenting stylesRead MoreParenting Styles And The Parenting Style Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Parenting style used by caregivers plays an important role in the child’s development and learning, specifically social emotional learning. Parents play a big role in their child’s academic achievement, especially depending on the parenting style use. The parenting style where the parents are involved and monitor their children is related to academic achievement and educational accomplishment (Spera, 2005). Parenting styles comprise of two dimensions, demandingness and responsivenessRead MoreAs The Social, Emotional, And Academic Effects Can Vary1133 Words   |  5 Pagesemotional, and academic effects can vary in adolescents, the choice of parenting style should be an informed decision. Parenting style is â€Å"the emotional climate in which the parents’ behavior toward their children is expressed. It is in the context of this emotional climate that parents’ behavior influences children’s personality, consequently affecting their academic performance in school† (Litali). Psychologist Diana Baumrind identified four parenting styles based upon two aspects of parenting behaviorRead MoreA Theory That Correlates Ecological Systems And Child Development1369 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch have been conducted to determine the cause of emotional disorders, and while genetics and physical biology are key indications, environmental factors, such as school atmosphere, parenting style, demographics, and home and community background are major influences on developing them. Due to this recent trend, students with emotional disorders are having difficulty functioning, performing, and achieving in the normal school setting. Urie Bronfenbrenner, an American Developmental Psychologist, createdRead MoreThe Parenting Styles That Were Theorized By Diana Baumrind2491 Words   |  10 Pagesstudent’s academic performance. The educational performance of children and adolescents has been attributed to a myriad of factors. Low academic performance has been attributed to inadequate teachers or schools, large class sizes, socio economic status, and parent’s education, among others. Undoubtedly, all of these factors play a role in low academic performance. What scholars have shown as definitive is that parental contributions are important in helping students achieve high academic performanceRead MoreParental Involvement And The Effect On School Grades1065 Words   |  5 Pages Parental Involvement and the Effect it Has on School Grades Jacob Ryder Saint Leo University Abstract This study will examine the effects that parental involvement at home has on school grades. The level of parental involvement is a multidimensional aspect. Examples include setting rules, maintaining open lines of communication with children in order to help with school work or social situations, monitoring children’s activities both in and out of school, holding high educationalRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Parenting Styles on Child Outcome2101 Words   |  9 Pagesdetermining effect upon their children’s personality, character, and competence† (Baumrind, 1978). It is amazing that children who are raised in completely different environments can go on to possess similar characteristics later in life. But why is this the case? The functions that parents perform greatly influence how children develop. A tremendous amount of research has been done on the effects of parenting styles since 1966 when Diana Baumrind first published her three prototypes of parenting stylesRead Moreeffect of parenting style on the academic development of children6694 Words   |  27 PagesDictionary of contemporary English imply the father or mother of a person. It also went on to disclose its view on parenting as the skill or activity of looking after your own children. Davies (2000) opined that parenting (or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional social and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting style is a psychological contrast representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing (stantrockRead MoreRelationship Between Parents And Adolescents Essay1828 Words   |  8 Pages10.5) Parenting styles not only affect the relationship between parents, and adolescents it can also affect their school environment as well. Parents with expectations tend to have children with relatively high grades, where as if they have either high or low expectations their child won’t care what’s grades he or she gets or if they do the work at all so their grades tend to be lower. If the parent has high expectations for their child it only makes sense that they’re involved in the child’s schoolRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Tiger Moms782 Words   |  4 Pageslevels of scholastic and academic achievement. This style of parenting does not focus on building a child’s self esteem, rather it focuses on receiving good grades. The attitudes of a tiger mom are not to be nice and loving, but to be hostile and unsupportive. Typically, the children of a tiger parent, also known as â€Å"tiger babies,†do not receive praise for their accomplishments; tiger moms are quick to punish their children for any grade below an A, which is seen as an academic failure. Tiger moms manifest

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1579 Words

Legalize Marijuana Marijuana consumption has become a very prominent sub-culture within the United States with users including virtually everyone from teenagers to the elderly people. Some individuals use it because they enjoy the feeling they get from smoking or eating it, whereas others use it for medical reasons. Marijuana is starting to become decriminalized in most states, with Colorado and Washington having already made it legal for recreational use. Moreover, a handful of states throughout the country have already implemented a medical marijuana policy into their state healthcare system. Having potential to provide so many social, economic and medicinal benefits throughout the many facets of society, the federal government should†¦show more content†¦Colorado is setting the precedent for how to legalize marijuana and is doing so in an extremely efficient way. Governor John W. Hickenlooper, speaker of â€Å"Experimenting with Pot: The State of Colorado’s Legalization of Marijua na†, says â€Å"Colorado is taking the proactive approach. We are working as a convener for all interested parties and experts to shape public policy that utilize the decades of public health gained from regulating alcohol and tobacco. We have applied these lessons to marijuana and our making every effort in our laws, regulations, and revenue allocations to address public health and safety concerns, prevent young people’s use of marijuana, and educate parents and children about the risks of its use.† Colorado is setting a prime example for the federal government, should they choose to legalize marijuana. If the federal government were to treat weed the same way they treat tobacco and alcohol, it would prove to be extremely beneficial. On top of taxing the substance, marijuana education programs could be implemented into schools to help teach kids how they should interact with marijuana, similar to the alcohol education programs already in place. If marijuana were to be legalized, the economic outcome would be highly favorable. The tax revenues generated from dispensary sales could help the United States toShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the m edical side of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this would

Role of state and police in wake of communal riots free essay sample

In view of J. W. Garner, an important feature of the Sate is that â€Å"the body of inhabitants renders habitual obedience to the organized government. † There are several institutions and agencies working meticulously round the clock to help the government achieve its objectives. Police and other law enforcement agencies are such instruments of the State. The State, police and the society are originally inter-linked. In any society, the legitimacy of police or its authority is drawn from the State, which in turn derives authority from the society itself. The role of police has always been important in parliamentary form of democracies. In case of sensitive issues like communal riots they are not only responsible for maintaining law and order but also for bringing peace and harmony in the society. For the helpless victims of such riots they are the silver lining of their better life. Shockingly, seldom has been police seen in such role. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of state and police in wake of communal riots or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There have been incidents which indicate that the riot perpetrators actually had the protection of police. In some cases police remain as meek spectators instead of controlling the rioters who were killing innocent people before their eyes. Facts indicate that in controlling communal violence the role of police is not always fair to the minorities. Instances such as Operation Polo, which saw massacre on a scale of 27,000-40,000 in 1948, or the bloody aftermath of Babri Masjid demolition and the Godhra riots of 1992 and 2002 respectively, or the recent Muzaffarnagar riots, all incidents indicate failure of government and its machineries at all level. Presence of political hands behind such riots cannot also be denied. The problem of failure of State and police in handling the communal riots is deep rooted. It may be a political factor or a social factor. The police needs to be sensitized and to develop confidence among themselves for the better service of the people. Police need not to succumb to the political pressure and they should be ready to bear any type of suffering which they might have to face in course of performing such duties. The State should work to bridge the gap of caste system which has been the cause of social unrest in India since long. It can only be achieved by gaining the confidence of people. The court’s order may be a mere guideline for the police and the people but it cannot mitigate the differences cropped up in society. Taking of public into confidence is of supreme importance in foreseeing and preventing any kind of crime that involve some level of conspiracy. The research paper will be divided in four parts. In the first part I will be dealing with the society, State and police and how they all are inter-linked. In the second part I will be dealing with certain communal riot incidents in India, the reasons behind such incidents highlighting the role of police and the State in such cases. The third part would be dealing with what is expected from the State and the police in incidents of communal violence. Lastly, I would be concluding with how far the State and police have succeeded in their role till now.

The red convertible Essay Example

The red convertible Paper Louise Erdrich was born in 1954 in Little Falls, Minnesota. Her father was German American and her mother was a Chippewa Indian. Her early schooling was in a Bureau of Indian Affairs which was a boarding school. She wrote throughout her childhood and majored in creative writing in college. She earned a masters degree in creative writing at Johns Hopkins University in 1979 and then she went to Dartmouth as a writer-in-residence. She met her future husband at Dartmouth, Michael Dorris, who was the anthropology professor and of Native American descent. She married him in 1981. In 1982, she won the Nelson Algren fiction competition with the story The Worlds Greatest Fisherman. This story became the first chapter in her book Love Medicine, which is the first novel in a tetralogy that includes The Beet Queen (1986), Tracks (1988), and Bingo Palace (1994). Edrichs fiction has been noted for its lyrical prose and humor. Love Medicine won the National Book Critics Circle Award along with other awards. The book is a collection of interconnected stories focused on the lives of two Chippewa families. She is best known for her novels about the Chippewa. She also published two respected volumes of poetry, Jacklight (1984) and Baptism of Desire (1989). She had several stories in periodicals like the New Yorker, Harpers Magazine, Atlantic Monthly, and Paris Review. Her nonfiction book, The Blue Jays Dance: A Birth Year (1995), consists mainly of autobiographical recollections and meditations on nature and motherhood. The writing of Erdrich is based on reality situations but she doesnt write a biased opinion about the way the characters are living their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on The red convertible specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The red convertible specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The red convertible specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She doesnt judge them or make their lives out to be more than what they are. Critics have said that her writings reach out to others in very personal ways and throughout all cultures. Change is a major component in all of her writing. One critic, John Purdy, stated that her writings about change are synonymous with death and how it (change) can destroy a life and a person or people. Her writings tell how important our past is and what it can tell about our future. After her tetralogy came the addition of Tales of Burning Love. John Purdy, along with other critics, feel that by understanding her stories of how loss came about and what individuals did to deal with it, it is easier to understand current events, which may be as threatening of past events. It is also learned from the novels that loss doesnt always mean the end it may be the beginning. Another critic, William J. Scheick, had a different perspective than most critics on the four novels. He stated, Louise Erdrichs four novels are collections of loosely connected stories associated more by the generational interaction of the people they concern than by any substantial development of plot. These works lack a conventional structure comprised of a beginning, middle, and end. And instead of decidedly central protagonists, these works present many characters whose memories and identities are as loosely connected as are the stories in which they appear. Later in his critique it is learned that he does respect and appreciate her writing, he just doesnt care for the structure. As you read in her short story The Red Convertible you can clearly see that she wrote about the way that the Chippewa lived in a truthful manner. She includes nature, family and non-family relations in this story as she does in other writings. She uses symbolism in The Red Convertible that relates directly to the Chippewa culture. The title of the story uses the color red and it related to several parts of the story like the river, the car, Red Tomahawk and the Red Sticks. Henry wanted to give the car to Lymon but he didnt want it because he knew that it was a gift and gifts were given by the Chippewa in the event of a death. The represented a curative charm for the brothers. It was something that was supposed to represent Henry and his well being. Lymon thought that if he made sure that Henry did something with the car that he would get better even though he didnt. Henrys dance that is written about is another part of the Chippewa culture that Erdrich often writes about. Dancing is an important part of Native American culture. There seems to be a dance for everything. I think that Henrys dance had to do with the war and how he couldnt deal with being sent to it and now he wanted to die. It is hard to fight an American war when you dont consider yourself to be an American. It is not hard to understand why all cultures enjoy Erdrichs writing. She touches mothers with writings about pregnancy, childbirth, and early infancy. She gets parents to remember raising their own children and the experiences that they had. She focuses on life cycles, which is virtually everything around us because everything has a life cycle. In 1996 she published her first childrens book, Grandmothers Pigeon, a story a stubborn grandmother who leaves her family in the middle of the families vacation and she rides a porpoise back to Greenland. The book has received considerable recognition. Since 1984 she has written or co-authored ten major books, edited Best American Stories of 1993, won numerous literary prizes, and gained a substantial amount of scholarly attention. She did this while raising three adopted children learning disabilities, bearing three daughters, and dealing with the deaths of her oldest, adopted son and two grandparents. In 1996 she was separated from Dorris and on April 10th of 1997 he committed suicide. Today it is said that she and her children are doing well.

Behavior Modification Essays

Behavior Modification Essays Behavior Modification Essay Behavior Modification Essay Applied behavior analysis can be used in all walks of life; its amazing to see how beneficial it can be to enhance someones life such as helping to improve an athletes game to change classroom behaviors. For the two scenarios the rationale for each selected behavioral modification strategy will be explained, discuss behavioral chaining, using of token economies for classrooms, mastering units of behavior, and end by discussing the role of back up reinforcers. Goal: Improving Brendans Serve Brendan is a 17-year-old tennis player that wishes to improve his game. Brendans coach referred him to a sports psychologist to assist him with improving his serve. Achieving his overall goal of serving with the correct speed and accuracy to help him win his matches is the target behavior that needs modification. I must admit before this chapter, I didnt even know that behavior analysis could help improve an athletes game. It is rather fascinating. The sports psychologist decided which behavior modification would best suit Brendans needs by interviewing him, reviewing videotapes of his serve, and considering which strategy would fit him personally for the task he is performing. The result the psychologist chose was the strategy of behavior chaining. An alternative that he could have chosen was shaping reinforcement, but that is found to be time consuming and with Brendans competitive drive, I am sure he wanted results as soon as possible. To help improve Brendans serve, the psychologist would complete what is known as a task analysis of the components of the behavioral sequence or indentify all the different stimulus-response components in the chain. (What is behavioral, 2011). With Brendan, it was determined that each step of his serve be broken down into separate units or steps. The units in this scenario include: the starting position, ball toss, swing of the racket back, acceleration of the racket, contact with the ball, and the final unit consisting of follow-through. There are different behavior chaining methods, for determining which method to use for each individual you must decide which procedure to use to teach the new sequence of behavior. For Brendan, I believe forward chaining, teaching the chain from the beginning to the end are taught so it flows through its naturally occurring order so that he receives training on each step as he proceeds to the next. You could use total-task chaining, being taught all at once when reinforcement depends on completing the entire chain, but with this case it is best to get each step broken down to work on each one individually. A behavior chain is a sequence of certain responses; it can be broken down into smaller steps using task analysis. It involves reinforcing individual responses that occur in a sequence that are linked together to achieve a certain behavior and produce a terminal outcome. After the initial unit has been reinforced, known as the primary reinforcement, then each response in the chain simultaneously serves as a secondary reinforcer for the response that produced it and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain (Cooper, Heron, Howard, 2007). Each step of this chain must be followed in its naturally occurring order for this task. Once each unit of the task has been achieved, then reinforcement has been acquired for that behavior in the sequence and then going on to the next unit until reinforcement has been made for each of the units in the chain. If the targeted skill has been achieved, then the procedure is considered to be effective. Effectiveness and efficiency of teaching can be determined to be critical factors in evaluating chaining procedures. Efficiency is defined as the number of learning trials or time it takes to reach the criterion performance, as well as the number of errors that occur in order to achieve acquisition (Gast, Doyle, Wolery, Ault, 1991). If there is difficulty with mastering an aspect of the behavior chain, the behaviorist should allow for adjustments in the task analysis and allow for more extensive training on certain parts of more difficult units in order to achieve reinforcement to the ultimate goal of mastery. In order to achieve mastery level of unit behavior, you take the individual units in sequence and have demonstrated mastery for the completion for each unit and concrete observable criterion for mastery of each unit. Brendan must continue reinforcement to maintain behavior or his performance may suffer. Token Economy for Ms. Rileys Class For the case of Ms. Riley and her energetic third-grade class, an ABA professional came up with the idea for implementing a token economy system to help with a goal of trying to settle them down enough to learn. A token economy is defined as a system in which individuals can earn tokens for targeted behaviors and once a specified number of tokens have been earned, they can be traded in for an item or activity that is desired. For a classroom that needs a behavior modification program in place, token economies can be used to meet educational and behavioral goals for children. Since no other teacher has been able to accomplish this with class, a reward system with tokens may be a way to focus their attention for meeting their desired behaviors, it clearly seems as it would be the best rationale. Tokens function as a conditioned reinforcer to achieve the target behavior. Token economies are designed using six steps. The first step is to select the tokens that will be used; in this case it is a puzzle piece. The children will have a puzzle on the wall, each day they meet their desired behavior, they earn a puzzle piece to be glued to the puzzle. This way they can clearly see how they are progressing and how far they have to go to earn their prize. The puzzle on the wall can serve as a reminder and reinforcer to behave, which includes; no fighting, remain seated during class, raising hands to answer problems or ask a question, and completing assignments in class. Step two consists of identifying the target behavior and rules. We already know the target behavior is to settle down to be able to learn, so the rules are as follows: there is a ten piece puzzle on the wall, for each, the class will receive a puzzle piece, when the puzzle is complete, the class will have a pizza party and no homework assigned for two weekends in a row. The third step is choosing back up reinforcers. In this case, the children seem very energetic; some backup reinforcers can include an extra long recess, watching a movie, or playing games. Backup reinforcers can help the children to see that they can actually earn rewards for good behavior in addition to waiting to celebrate their party. In this case, in addition to the party prize, if the children go five days in a row obtaining a puzzle piece they will get one of these of the backup reinforcers rewarded. Step four is establishing a ratio of exchange meaning at first, the ratio between the number of tokens and the price of backup items should be small so the learners success is immediate, gradually adjusting the ratio exchange to maintain responsiveness of the children (Cooper, Howard, ; Heron, 2007). Step five is specifying in writing, when and how tokens will be rewarded and what happens if the requirements are not met, basically laying out the rules. We have already established how tokens are earned, but some actions need to be focused on, such as students fighting or acting out, there will be no bonus of the backup reinforcer incentive for that week. Most children like additional recesses or extra incentives and if someone messes that up, they might use peer pressure to stop it from happening again. The last step is conducting a field test before implementation. A few days before starting the token economy, observe the children and tally to see if they would have earned a puzzle piece without actually giving them one and decide if they system is appropriate for the children. Being a parent of three children I know kids like to be rewarded and as a parent we enjoy giving our children treats and rewards for behaving and acting appropriately. They dont have to be anything big, just a little extra perk now and then to thank them for being good and showing our appreciation for behaving. The same principle works for classes, what kid wouldnt behave to receive a pizza party or no homework for a couple weekends? Conclusion Each case used different methods for behavioral modification, I hope that I was able to clearly identify the rationale behind each of the ABA professionals choices, and discuss what they were and how and why they would help each scenario. References Cooper, J. , Heron, T. Howard, W. (2007). Applied behavior analysis. (2nd Edition). Upper Saddler River, NJ: Pearson Education. Gast, D. , Doyle, P. , Wolery, M. , Ault, M. , (1991). Assessing the acquisition of incidental information by secondary-age students with mental retardation: comparison of response prompting strategies. American Journal of Mental Retardation. 1991;96:63-80. What is behavioral chaining?. (2011). Retrieved from allsands. com/Health/behavioralchain_vyl_gn. htm

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 111

Assignment Example These are embodied by International Law which I want to delve into in the following essay: International Law refers to a body of statutes, protocols, rules, principles, and guidelines that binds all the law actors. The actors include states, nations, peoples, insurgents, private individuals, as well as, international bodies. These rules are mostly derived from various sources such as Treaties, Convention, Customs and practices of the member states and nations.  International law acts as a guide, and promotes good faith. It facilitates the call for peace and harmony by ensuring that justice, peace and human rights are followed and enforced2. As an analogy, the law acts as an electric fence which rather than define the acts to be accomplished defines and sets out the boundaries to be considered within the free human acts, and in the notion that every actor has their own interests in each undertaking or contract with another actor. It is therefore of utmost relevance in the discussion of International Relations.   One of the intended learning outcomes in our course outline is to identify the interconnection between the various actors in the international system. As from the aforementioned actors of the international law, we can identify that some are major while others are minors. An example of a major actor would be an International body or an Inter-Governmental Organization (IGO) while a minor actor would be a private individuals and tourists3. The relationships between these actors have to be controlled to prevent any form of harassment of the minor actor by the major actor. In a case whereby a certain state feels that its laws are being violated by another, it may seek the application of the International Law to resolve the dispute. In addition, transactions and contracts, for example, between an   Ã‚  In summary, International Law is a key and critical aspect of the International relations in every respect regarding the interactions between the various actors