The Financial Crisis Conventional Financial Theories

Following the 2008 Financial Crisis, conventional financial theories have been challenged for their inability to realistically explain risk. Traditional strategies of asset pricing often rely on a normal bell curve to make market assumptions, but in reality, the markets do not behave this way. Under a normal distribution, a majority of asset variation falls within 3 standard deviations of its mean which subsequently understates risk and volatility. Unfortunately, history would suggest financial markets do not always act in this manner and rather, they exhibit fatter tails than traditionally predicted. By definition, fat tails are a statistical phenomenon exhibiting large leptokurtosis. This represents a greater likelihood of extreme events occurring similar to the financial crisis. Since the magnitude of fat tails are so difficult to predict, left tail events can have devastating and unexpected effects on portfolio returns. As a result, sufficiently protecting a portfolio requires t ail risk hedging from unexpected market events. Normal Distribution In order to understand the significance of tail risks, it is imperative to understand the notion of a normal distribution and its shortcomings. A normal distribution assumes that given enough observations, all values in the sample will be distributed equally above and below the mean. About 99.7% of all variation falls within three standard deviations of the mean and therefore there is only a .3% chance of an extreme eventShow MoreRelatedConventional Financial Theories Of A Normal Distribution919 Words   |  4 Pages2008 Financial Crisis, investors have challenged conventional financial theories for its inability to realistically explain risk. Traditional strategies and asset pricing often rely on a normal bell curves to make market assumptions, but in reality, the markets do not behave this way. Under a normal distribution, a majority of asset variation falls within 3 standard deviations away from its mean which often understates risk and volatility. Unfortunate ly, the historical landscape of financial marketsRead MoreU.s. Government s Trade Defense Measure1194 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom year 2009 to 2010, even it rises up in next 3 years, and it demonstrates the U.S. government different trade policy stances to respond the financial crisis in different stages. The reason to explain why the U.S. changed its stance to less protectionism after 2010 is trade defense measure could help the U.S. enterprises to survive during financial crisis, to avoid massive unemployment in labor market. The cost of implementing such policy is to sacrifice the benefits of household sectors. Over aRead MoreClassical Financial Theory : Cognitive Psychology And Economics952 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems. Research in the financial sector has been dumbfounded by this very question since the advent of the stock market. Classical financial theory assumes investors behave with rational expectations in order to maintain an efficient market. Yet as we know, the idiosyn crasies in human behavior vary and financial markets tend to fluctuate up and down as a result. Recently, economics has begun to adopt the insights of behavioral science as a more realistic interpretation of financial markets. BehavioralRead MoreThe Performance Pattern Associated With Esg Activities1481 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch question, it is imperative to comprehend why performance of ESG-focused funds in general should, or should not, diverge from conventional funds. The first part of this literature review, therefore, assess findings regarding the performance pattern associated with ESG activities. In the specific, the research analyzes the differences between ESG funds and conventional funds. Thereafter, the analysis moves towards the understanding and description of the social/behavioral set of rules that is encouragingRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis And The Macro Economy1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The global financial crisis has attracted considerable attention in recent literature. It is well known that the true origins of this financial crisis is that the over-borrowing of US households, especially to finance housing. It had serious affected the financial sector and the macro-economy. According to Shiller (2007), the main reason of the sub-prime mortgage crisis and the worldwide economic and financial crisis of 2007-2009 is the housing bubble. He also believes that the precedingRead MoreShadow Banking : A Form Of Regulatory Arbitrage1185 Words   |  5 Pagescan be seen as a form of regulatory arbitrage that provides important financial intermediation functions distinct from those preformed by banks and capital banks [Claessens et al (2012)]. Some of these functions include securitization and collateral intermediation both of which we have partially discussed. One thing that should be pointed out is that, contrary to its name; shadow banking is not completely unrelated to c onventional banking. For instance, shadow-banking complements traditional bankingRead MoreDiscretionary Monetary Policy Is The Monetary Authorities Based On The Current Economic Crisis1692 Words   |  7 Pagesshock in that policy. Afterwards, analyze the implication of the supply shock in discretionary model and how it helps the European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) responds to 2007-2008 financial crisis. And finally conclude the relationship between the implication of discretionary theory with shock and the real responds to financial crisis. The macroeconomic equilibrium depends on both the current monetary policy and the expectation of future monetary policy (Walsh,2010). Theoretically, we can define the centralRead MoreThe Impact Of Expansionary Monetary Policy During The Great Recession1720 Words   |  7 PagesDepression [1]. After eight years, global economies today continue to struggle to find sustainable recovery and robust growth. The crisis was a massive institutional failure that involved the bursting of the asset bubble, the collapse of the stock market, and the moribund employment rate among others. The crisis has since triggered economists, governments, and financial institutions to critically revisit their standard models and to question whether the understanding of the inflation-targeting frameworkRead MoreThe Dodd Frank Act Was Enacted1401 Words   |  6 Pageswas enacted to deal with the various problems occurred in the financial crisis. The paramount reason I choose this law is it has brought the mo st significant changes in the federal financial regulation since the regulatory reform that followed the Great Depression. (Damian Lucchetti, 2010) The general objective of this policy paper is to deeply understand the latest and most influential financial reforms and the current financial environment in U.S through relatively comprehensive analysis withRead MoreInstitutional Framework After The Lisbon Treaty1680 Words   |  7 PagesGovernance system, which embraces the multiplication of said allocated powers and decision-making processes. c) The EU after the eruption of the Eurozone Crisis Since the eruption of the Eurozone Financial Crisis in 2009, a Neo-Functionalist view of European integration has been put forward through a series of questions: Did the Crisis lead to further integration? If it did, did the further economic integration spillover and lead to further political integration? Jean Monnet believed that â€Å"Europe

Primary Sector of Economy - 17717 Words

Primary sector of the economy The primary sector of the economy is the sector of an economy making direct use of natural resources. This includes agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining, and extraction of oil and gas. This is contrasted with the secondary sector, producing manufactures and other processed goods, and the tertiary sector, producing services. The primary sector is usually most important in less developed countries, and typically less important in industrial countries. The manufacturing industries that aggregate, pack, package, purify or process the raw materials close to the primary producers are normally considered part of this sector, especially if the raw material is unsuitable for sale or difficult to transport long†¦show more content†¦| 1.5% | 11 | Iran | 53.206 | 11.2% | 1.3% | 12 | Spain | 50.704 | 3.3% | 1.2% | 13 | France | 47.741 | 1.7% | 1.2% | 14 | Mexico | 46.223 | 3.9% | 1.1% | 15 | Pakistan | 44.125 | 21.6% | 1.1% | 16 | Argentina | 43.518 | 10.0% | 1.1% | 17 | Italy | 42.668 | 1.9% | 1.0% | 18 | Thailand | 41.406 | 12.2% | 1.0% | 19 | South Korea | 34.915 | 3.0% | 0.8% | 20 | Canada | 33.415 | 1.9% | 0.8% | - | | | | | Economy of India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Economy of The Republic of India | Modern Indian currency notes | Rank | 9th (nominal) / 3rd (PPP) | Currency | 1 Indian Rupee (INR) () = 100 Paise | Fiscal year | 1 April – 31 March | Trade organizations | WTO, SAFTA, G-20 and others | Statistics | GDP | $1.846 trillion (nominal: 9th; 2011)[1]$4.469 trillion (PPP: 3rd; 2011)[1] | GDP growth | 8.5% (2009-10) | GDP per capita | $1,527 (nominal: 135th; 2011)[1]$3,703 (PPP: 127th; 2011)[1] | GDP by sector | agriculture: 18.1%, industry: 26.3%, services: 55.6% (2011 est.) | Inflation (CPI) | 6.95% (February 2012)[2] | Population below poverty line | 37% (2010) (Note:42% live less than $1.25 a day)[3] | Gini coefficient | 36.8 (List of countries) | Labour force | 487.6 million (2011 est.) | Labour force by occupation | agriculture: 52%, industry: 14%, services: 34% (2009 est.) | Unemployment | 9.8% (2011 est.)[4] | Average gross salary | $1,533 yearly (2011) | Main industries | telecommunications,Show MoreRelatedAquaculture Is The Cultivation Of Sea Creatures ( Finfish And Shellfish )1480 Words   |  6 Pagesoperations are more focused on the top producers in Canada: British Columbia, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland and Labrador (Figure 1-2). What type of economic activity does aquaculture provide? Essentially, aquaculture is considered as a primary industry in the economic sector. This means that aquaculture’s main service is the production of goods, in this case, aquatic life. Aquaculture is unique as it does not harvest wild marine animals, compared to commercialized fishing. Instead, aquaculture focusesRead MoreGdp Composition of India4611 Words   |  19 PagesComposition Sector Wise The Gross Domestic Product or GDP is the indicator of the performance of an economy. According to the estimates of 2008, Indias GDP is $1.209 trillion and this is slated to make improvement in the coming times. It is estimated that Indias GDP will grow by 6.5% in the year 2009. In 2008 the countrys GDP was 9%; the slowdown that has been witnessed this year in the estimates is largely due to the slowdown witnessed by the agriculture and the industrial sectors. A look at theRead MoreMutual Relationship Between Agriculture and Industrialization1445 Words   |  6 Pagessecondary sector in an economy dominated by primary activities. Thus, industrialisation can be termed as the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organisation of an economy for theRead More Assess whether or not the changes in the structure of the UK industry784 Words   |  4 Pagesstructure of the UK industry have been beneficial for the economy, industries and the consumer. Over the past 30 years the structure of the UK economy has been transformed. By this I mean there has been changes in the production and employment between the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. In 1964, 1,201,000 people were employed in the primary sector. By 1995 there were only 383,000 people employed in the primary sector. This shows a decrease of 818,000 employees over 31 years.Read MoreIndustrialization And Poverty1445 Words   |  6 Pagesreduce poverty. Poverty can be reduced by economic growth and equality. Industrialization is a process where primary goods are used to produce manufacturing goods, sometimes human labor is replaces by machines and robots. Income per capita increases because of industrialization. The industrial revolution of 18th and 19th century has occurred because of major industrial shift in western economy. Industrialization is maximum use of scarce resources. For reducing poverty and inequality industrializationRead MoreImport Substitution Industrialization And The East Asian Model1361 Words   |  6 Pages Essay Import Substitution Industrialization and the East Asian Model After the end of the World War II the world faced the challenges of economic and social recovery. The majority of developing countries based their economies on Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI), a state-oriented approach to a trade and economic policy. ISI supports the replacement of import with domestic production in order to reduce foreign dependency. This protectionist policy dominated in developing countries, especiallyRead MoreAn Globalized World Burden Of Private Investment Is Increasing Over Foreign Direct Investment Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesinvestment and thus FDI playing a leading role in determining the fate of the economy. The economies receiving more inflow of FDI, are realizing a comparatively high growth and vice-versa. This is also expected to be happen in India. The present paper discusses the relationship between the inflow of FDI and GDP. It has been found that FDI has a positive correlation with GDP. the regression analysis between GDP and FDI of different sectors also supported the same result which shows that FDI inflow in IndiaRead MoreKeny A Deeper Understanding Of Kenya Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagespetroleum, tea, coffee, fish, and cement. These export materials are all useful for the production of other products. Because raw material is found here, Kenya is thought as a primary sector. Primary sector means the raw material is found that could be used in the secondary sector then into the tertiary sector. To be a primary sector, there has to be a good site and situational factors. Kenya’s site factors include having good soil quality, close proximity to water, and good vegetation. These site factorsRead MoreComparing The Economic Growth Of India And China Since The Millennium Essay885 Words   |  4 Pagesincreased autonomy for state enterprises, the growth of the private sector, the development of their stock exchange, the movement towards the modern banking system and transparency to foreign trade and inves tment. However, these changes, of course, did not happen over night. China has implemented these reforms in a gradual way. On the other hand, India has been doing much better now than in 2013. Economists predict the country’s economy to pick up further. The recent falls in commodity prices, hurtingRead MoreWorld Economy Individual Assignment :1022 Words   |  5 PagesWorld Economy Individual Assignment-Baris Kayacan Fast economic conversion that Turley experienced after 1980 has made a significant effect on country’s whole economy and especially removal of obstacles in front of capital movements and integration of the country with global economy has increased the importance of financial sector as a whole . But this fast conversion made the economy vulnerable to crisis and Turkish economy experienced two devastating economic crisis in post 1980 era. In this report

Masters in Nursing Education

Question: Discuss about curriculum development for masters in nursing education. Answer: Objective: This curriculum is designed to assist the nurses in developing necessary management and skills of leadership. The nurses would be able to apply the leadership skills by completing the course, leading to a transformation in the healthcare. Numerous interdisciplinary and inter-personal perspectives towards would be utilized that would enable the nurses to work in teams within the system of healthcare. The nurses would be enlightened to practice cultural inclusiveness in their practice, leadership, community engagement and research. This course will lead to the creation of engaged approaches to educate nurses how novel technology can be utilized for nursing research. At the end of the course, the nurses would be able to apply the science of nursing to improve the health and they will be having the power to restructure the system of healthcare by transformational research which has focus on the different communities and culture and rural health (Billings Halstead, 2013). List of Nursing Courses: Health Development Anatomy and physiology Health observation and assessment Drug classifications and use Medical ethics Course description The course builds on the introductory leadership and management content, preparing students to develop their leadership skills. The course on nursing leadership gives an introduction to the basic principles in nursing management and leadership pertinent to healthcare. The students will be enabled to explore the process of thinking systematically, exercising leadership and developing reflective judgment. The course covers leadership and management theories with parallel clinical experience in the nurse leadership role. It emphasizes application of theory to practice. Students will work with nurse managers to develop their own managerial skills.Students will study current political, professional, economic, and social issues affecting the professional practice of nursing and the health care sector. Students would be using self-reflection to assess their own leadership potential and apply concepts through discussions and class assignments. A field study would be taken up by them to monit or a nurse in a leadership role and participate in a performance development project. The course provides an opportunity to begin the transition process from a nursing student to professional practitioner. The topics to be covered in the course are introduction to computer application, introduction to leadership theories, nursing theories in practice, ethics and law of nursing, current issue in healthcare sectors, human resource management and preparation for higher education. Strategies of Learning The course should have proper strategies of learning to enable the students to learn and use information in a effectual manner. By suitable strategies of learning the students will able to understand the method of analyzing situations and solving problems. Learning would therefore be in the active mode and success would be more. These strategies teach the students to take in the best from the learning outcomes. No single strategy is a universal remedy and the comprehensive strategies are the correct mixture of well-balanced and integrated processes (Iwasiw et al., 2014). The different strategies are as follows: Reflection- It helps the students to think critically Interviews- It helps in the development of analytical skills. Debate- This strategy helps the students to research, resolve and reflect on the issues of nursing. It provides a framework to include the points of doubts in the context of subject matter. Seminar learning- This strategy helps the students to analyze and critique their own thinking process. Concept maps- It helps in building the ability to analyze context and draw a logical conclusion from a given issue. Role playing- In this, the students are able to have an artificial situation where students can think and feel in the role of others that reflect on the experience of students (Keating, 2014). Faculty Development The development of faculty is essential concerning all the aspects of the development of curriculum due to the reason that many colleges of nursing may not have preparation concerning the theory of education. A text-relevant, evidence-informed and a cohesive curriculum can only develop when the individuals who are concerned with the development understands the processes which are involved in the development (McCoy Anema, 2012). Evaluation and assessment The methodology for evaluation has to be formative and summative as well as qualitative and quantitative. The development of individual leadership has to be assessed by journaling and self evaluation, competency development measurements, qualitative research through tests and quantitative interview of the students involved in the program. Formative assessment methods monitor the learning of the students during the learning process. The feedback is taken up for identification of the areas where students are having difficulty so that the instructors can adjust their studying. These are low-stakes assessments. Formative assessments would include formal and informal techniques. The formal techniques include activities in the classes like class deliverables and quiz. On the other hand the informal techniques include surveys, written reflection, and checking for understanding (Oermann, 2013). The methods of summative assessment evaluate learning of the students for measuring the extent to which students have achieved the desired learning outcomes. These are high stakes assessments. Summative assessments would include examinations, portfolios, projects and presentations (Thomas et al., 2016). Conclusion In the end, it can be concluded that the development of curriculum should be managed on the discussed parameters of the curriculum development. The curriculum should be preplanned and based on the information from different sources. The objectives and planning for instruction should be based on speculation and investigation about human development, society, and learning. The decisions of the curriculum should consider all the criteria concerning development. The students also play a significant role in the practiced curriculum. The curriculum includes all the matters that affect students of nursing in delivering the methods, learning within the influence of the nursing school. The ideas of planning curriculum, processes of evaluation and assessment and, learning strategies should be more focused. References: Billings, D. M., Halstead, J. A. (2013).Teaching in nursing: A guide for faculty. Elsevier Health Sciences. Iwasiw, C. L., Goldenberg, D., Andrusyszyn, M. A. (2014).Curriculum development in nursing education. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Keating, S. B. (2014).Curriculum development and evaluation in nursing. Springer Publishing Company. McCoy, J. L., Anema, M. (2012).Fast facts for curriculum development in nursing: How to develop evaluate educational programs in a nutshell. Springer Publishing Company. Oermann, M. H. (2013).Teaching in nursing and role of the educator: The complete guide to best practice in teaching, evaluation and curriculum development. Springer Publishing Company. Thomas, P. A., Kern, D. E., Hughes, M. T., Chen, B. Y. (2016).Curriculum Development for Medical Education: A Six-Step Approach. JHU Press.